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1. What is a pesticide?
A: Pesticides refer to the prevention and control of pests (pests, pests, pathogens, weeds, rodents) and the regulation of plant growth in agriculture, forestry and animal husbandry.
2. What are the types of pesticides classified according to their use?
A: It can be divided into insecticides , fungicides , acaricides, rodenticides, herbicides, molluscicides, plant growth regulators, etc.
3. What is a chemical pesticide?
A: Chemical pesticides are a type of pesticide that is artificially developed and synthesized by chemical industry enterprises.
4. What is the "three certificates" of pesticides?
A: It refers to the production license, product quality standard certificate and pesticide registration certificate.
5. What is a pesticide dosage form? What is a pesticide preparation?
A: The unprocessed pesticides produced in the factory are called original drugs, and there are generally two types of raw powder and crude oil. The original drug and a variety of auxiliary materials are processed to have a certain composition and specification of the processing form, which is called a dosage form. A dosage form can be made into a variety of products of different contents and different uses, which are called preparations.
6. What are the common pesticide formulations?
A: Common dosage forms include powders, wettable powders, emulsifiable concentrates, granules, suspensions, and water-based agents.
7. What are the conventional methods of applying pesticides?
A: There are dusting method, spray method, poison bait method, seed treatment method, soil treatment method, fumigation method, fumigation method, smoke method, granulation method, aircraft application method, etc.
What does 8.ppm mean?
A: How is it converted to percentage? ppm is the parts per million, which is the number of parts of the active ingredient containing pesticide in one million sprays, which is the concentration. Parts per million (ppm) = percentage × 10,000 (mg / liter).
9. What are the advantages of mixed use of pesticides?
A: Scientific mixing can prevent and control several pests and diseases at the same time, save time, reduce labor costs, prevent or delay the development of drug resistance of pathogenic pests, improve the performance of pharmaceuticals, prolong the period of residual effect, learn from each other's strengths, and exert their own specialties.
10. What problems should be paid attention to when mixing pesticides?
Answer: The combination of pesticides should achieve the purpose of increasing efficiency, treating and expanding the target of prevention and treatment. After mixing, physical and chemical changes cannot occur. Crops should not cause phytotoxicity, should not reduce the efficacy of the drug, and should not increase acute toxicity.
11. What kind of weather is not suitable for pesticides?
A: It is not advisable to use pesticides under windy, rainy, high temperature, high humidity and other weather conditions, otherwise it will reduce the effectiveness of the drug, increase environmental pollution and produce phytotoxicity.
12. How to use pesticides during the rainy season?
A: You can use systemic and quick-acting pesticides, add adhesives to pesticides, and spray to roots.
13. What is the duration of validity?
A: After the pesticide is applied, it can effectively control the duration of the pests and diseases.
14. How to improve the control effect of pesticides?
Answer: (1) Master the law of occurrence of pests and diseases, and seize the best prevention and treatment period; (2) Spray and evenly and thoughtfully; (3) Accurately grasp the concentration of use and the amount of medicine used per mu.
15. How to prevent the resistance of Cordyceps sinensis?
A: Adhere to the comprehensive prevention and control measures; rotate and use different types of pesticides; mix pesticides; add synergists; master the best control opportunities, strive for effective results, reduce the number of uses and concentration.
16. What is the meaning of pesticide toxicity?
A: A very small amount of pesticides can directly or indirectly poison human body, livestock, poultry and beneficial animals or cause serious damage to their functions. This property of pesticides is called toxicity.
17. What are the disadvantages of organophosphorus pesticides?
A: Organophosphorus pesticides generally have a short duration of action (7-10 days). They are easy to use and are resistant to pests and diseases; they are particularly prone to poisoning accidents.
18. What are the main advantages and disadvantages of pyrethroid pesticides?
A: The main advantage of pyrethroid pesticides is the small amount of pharmaceuticals. The main disadvantage is that pests and diseases are particularly susceptible to drug resistance.
19. Why is the most likely poisoning accident when the weather is hot and the temperature is high?
A: On the one hand, because of the hot weather and high temperatures, there are many pests and diseases, pesticides are easy to volatilize, and the body's chances of absorbing pesticides increase. On the other hand, when the temperature is high, the human capillaries expand, the amount of blood increases, and the human metabolism can be enhanced, and the pesticide is easy to enter.
20. When is the best time to apply?
A: From the safety point of view, it is generally 8-10 o'clock in the morning, 4-8 o'clock in the afternoon is appropriate, can be used throughout the day when the temperature is low in cloudy weather, and should be stopped in high wind or rainy weather.
21. What are the stomach poisoning, contact and fumigation effects of pesticides?
A: The stomach poisoning effect is that the medicine enters the digestive system through pests and feeds, causing the poisoning of the pests to die. The contact killing effect is that the drug infiltrates into the insect body through the epidermis of the worm body to cause poisoning of the pest. Fumigation is the evaporation of certain chemicals into toxic gases at normal temperatures, and then enters the insects through the respiratory system of the pests, causing the poisoning of the pests to die.
22. What are the characteristics of pyrethroid insecticides?
A: The advantages are high efficiency, broad spectrum, low toxicity, low residue; the disadvantage is that most of them have no systemic action and fumigation, and pests are prone to drug resistance.
23. What are the characteristics of the silkworm toxin pesticides (insecticides, insecticides, killings)?
A: Broad spectrum; at the same time, it has contact, stomach poison and fumigation; low toxicity and low residue; it is a nerve poison; it does not produce cross-resistance with other pesticides.
24. What issues should be paid special attention to when using silkworm toxin pesticides?
A: The problem of phytotoxicity. Brassica napus, cabbage and other cruciferous vegetable seedlings are sensitive to chlorpyrifos and insecticides, especially in summer. Beans, cotton, etc. are particularly sensitive to insecticidal rings and insecticidal insects, and are susceptible to phytotoxicity. In addition, they have a strong ability to kill silkworms, and have a long-lasting effect, to prevent pollution of mulberry leaves and silkworms.
25. What are the characteristics of avermectin pesticides?
A: Avermectin is an antibiotic insecticide and acaricide prepared by liquid fermentation of Streptomyces argus . It has high efficiency, broad spectrum, long-lasting effect, safety to natural enemies, pests are not easy to produce drug resistance, easy to degrade, no residue, no phytotoxicity to crops.
26. Does avermectin kill insects fast?
A: Abamectin is mainly caused by stomach toxicity and has a contact effect. After the medicament enters the worm, it mainly blocks the transmission of motor nerve signals, causing the worm to paralyze, inactive, not feeding, and die after 2 to 4 days. In fact, the effect is fast and the effect is fast, but the "see" effect is slower.
27. What is a fungicide?
A: Fungicides are a class of pesticides used to control diseases caused by fungi, bacteria and other pathogens.
28. What is the difference between the bactericidal and bacteriostatic effects of fungicides?
A: The bactericidal effect is that the bactericide actually kills the bacteria. The bacteriostatic effect is a process in which the bactericide inhibits the life activity of the pathogen, so that it cannot be developed, and the pathogen is not killed.
29. What is the protective, therapeutic and eradicative effects of fungicides?
A: The protective effect is to apply the disease before the infestation of the crop to protect the crop from disease. The therapeutic effect is to apply the drug after the pathogen has infected the crop or after the disease, inhibiting the growth or pathogenic process of the pathogen, and stopping the development of the disease or gradually returning to health. The eradication effect is to kill the bacteria on the surface of the crop or in the farming environment by applying the pesticide to protect the crop from infestation.
30. Which two categories of herbicides are classified according to their nature of action?
A: It is divided into non-selective herbicides and selective herbicides. The former has a killing effect on all plants, regardless of crops and weeds. The latter can kill all weeds or some weeds, but it does not harm the crops.
31. Which two types of herbicides are classified according to their mode of action?
A: One type is a contact herbicide. After spraying, it can only kill the weed parts that are directly exposed to the agent. The other type is a systemic herbicide that can be roots, stems, leaves or buds of weeds. The other parts are absorbed and transported to the whole plant in the body of the plant, thereby causing it to die.
32. What are the common weeds in rice fields?
A: The main weeds in rice fields are valerian, ragweed, sedge, eyed vegetables, and dried bananas. Commonly used herbicides are glyphosate, paraquat, benzodiazepine, sulfuron, butylamine, acetochlor, and the like.
33. Which four periods are included in the life history of insects?
A: The life history of insects generally includes four periods: eggs, larvae, pupa, and adults.
34. At what stage did the pest mainly harm crops?
A: Pests mainly harm crops during larval stages. The larvae are generally divided into 6 ages according to the size of the developmental stage, and up to 8 years old when the heaviest is heavy. Generally, the larvae of the 1st to 2nd instar larvae eat small, the food intake of 3 to 4 years increases, and the food intake increases after the 5th age, which is the most harmful. . It is generally not harmful to crops during eggs, mites, and adult stages.
35. Where is the egg mass of rice stem borer?
A: Adults (mops) produce egg masses at the tip of the leaves at the front of the rice tillering stage. After the jointing of the rice round rods, they are prolific on the leaves of the 2-3 inches from the water surface, each with about 70-80 eggs.
36. What is the living habit of rice stem borer larvae?
Answer: Many larvae of the first larvae of the mites are harmed in the leaf sheath, causing the stalk; after 2 to 3 years of age, the stalks of the stalks are scattered, and one larva can damage 8 to 10; the larvae of the larvae are at the base of the stem or the sheath of the stem. Interspersed.
37. What are the methods for controlling rice stem borer?
A: Master the period of application, generally 3 to 5 days after the peak of hatching eggs, or when the first time the dead sheath is seen, the young larvae (1 to 2 years old) larvae kill 30 to 35 grams per acre. 50 kg of water. It can also be used for comprehensive prevention and control measures such as mercury lamp moth, artificial egg collection, white ear cutting, watering and killing, adult worming and root excavation.
38. How many generations did the sputum in the year occur?
A: The stem borer occurs in China for 1-5 generations a year. The Huanghuai River Basin is 2 generations per year, 2 to 3 generations in the Yangtze River Basin, and 4 to 5 generations in South China and Hainan. In the Yangtze River Basin, the first generation of Chilo suppressalis occurred from mid-May to late June, and the second generation of Chilo suppressalis occurred in early July. The period from late July to late August was the main period of damage. Second generation.
39. How is the difference between rice stem borer and three generations?
A: The front wing of the female moth is slightly yellow, with a small black spot. The male moth has a light gray-brown front, a small black dot in the center, and a dark brown twill. There are 7 small black spots on the outside of the twill. The male and female moths of the stem borer are gray or taupe with no black spots.
40. Where does the female larvae of the rice mites generally produce eggs?
A: Female moths usually produce egg masses at 6-10 mm from the tip of the leaf, or on the opposite side of the 24 leaves at the periphery of the rice. Generally, there are too many nitrogen fertilizers, and the growth is green and dense, and the amount of eggs laid in the rice fields in the tillering, booting to off-earning stage is large.
41. Why do you want to control the Sanhuan to seize the fighter?
A: The newly hatched larva first climbs to the tip of the leaf, then squirts and falls, and drifts with the wind until the surrounding rice plant drills into the stem. The key is that the larvae can only be grasped for 30-50 minutes from hatching to drilling into the stem. Medicine time.
42. Is the nymph a larva?
A: There are four periods of eggs, larvae, pupa and adults in the life history of insects. However, some insects have incomplete metamorphosis in their life history, and only three periods of eggs, nymphs, and adults have emerged, such as locusts and mites. The eggs hatch out are nymphs. The characteristics of the adults gradually appear with the growth and development of the nymphs. They do not pass through the flood season, but the wings and reproductive organs of the nymphs are not fully developed.
43. What are the three main species of rice planthopper?
A: There are three species of rice planthopper, brown planthopper, white-backed planthopper and gray planthopper.
44. Why is rice planthopper a migratory pest?
A: Rice planthoppers generally winter in warm tropical climates such as Guangdong, Hainan, Vietnam, and Thailand. From March to May each year, they gradually migrate from south to north with southwest warm and humid airflow. The Pearl River Basin moved to the Yangtze River Basin in mid-July and moved to the Jianghuai and Huaibei areas from late July to late August. From late August to late September, it gradually moved southward with the southward airflow. Therefore, rice planthopper is a migratory pest.
45. What are the characteristics of rice planthopper occurrence in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River?
A: The three kinds of locusts are mixed in June to the end of September. Generally, the early rice in June is mainly gray-flying locusts, and the white-backed locusts are mainly in the period from July to August, and the brown planthoppers are mainly in the period from August to September. The prevention and treatment focuses on the upper sentence from late July to September and lasts until the end of September.
46. ​​What is the living habit of rice planthopper?
A: In addition to moving south to fly over the winter, the south of the Yangtze River can also nymphs overwinter on weeds. Adults generally prefer to lay eggs in the lower sheath or stem of the yarrow. After the eggs hatch, if the insects move to the rice plants, the adults and nymphs gather in the base of the rice bushes, and the needles are pierced into the stems for feeding, which often causes the lower part of the rice plants to turn black, rot and smell, and fall down, resulting in reduced yield or Lost.
47. Helicoverpa armigeri is particularly dangerous, why?
A: Helicoverpa armigera occurs in the middle and late stages of cotton growth. The larvae mainly damage the flower, bud, bell and other reproductive organs of cotton, causing shedding and rotten bells, which is a serious hazard.
48. When does the cotton bollworm occur?
A: The cotton bollworm in the Yangtze River Basin is overwintering in the soil. In May, the first generation of larvae harmed wheat, peas and other crops. In June, the second generation larvae harmed the young leaves and tender buds of cotton plants. The second generation appeared from July to early August. The larvae mainly harmed the tender buds and tender bell leaves. The general generation overlaps, and there are many peaks. The adult spawning period is 7-8 days, and each female lays 500-1000 eggs, up to 3000, and the reproduction rate is amazing.
49. How does the larva of Helicoverpa armigera harm cotton plants?
A: The larva is generally 6 years old. The newly hatched larvae first eat the egg shell, then climb to the top, which is harmful to the tender buds. After 2-3 days, the tender buds fall off, and after 3-4 days, they enter the 2nd age and begin to feed the tender buds. The food intake of 3 and 4 years increases sharply. Take buds and flowers, causing a lot of shedding. 5, 6 years of age into the gluttony period, mostly harmful to the green bell, from the base foraging, large pupils, often resulting in rotten bells.
50. What is the law of the occurrence of Plutella xylostella?
A: Plutella xylostella is mainly harmful to cruciferous vegetables and tomatoes, onions, potatoes, etc. The adult body is only 6-7 mm in shape, and the larvae are only 10-12 mm in length. The Yangtze River Basin occurs 9-14 generations a year, and occurs in Guangdong and south of Guangxi. Larvae often take lettuce leaves, tender stems, eat young birds, bite seeds, and sometimes cause devastating disasters.
51. What are the characteristics of vegetable pests?
A: There are many kinds of pests on vegetables, mainly radish, peach and kale. They mainly harm the cruciferous vegetables. In addition to directly sucking the juice of the plants, the excrement of the aphids can induce the occurrence of mildew and disease, affecting the quality of the vegetables, and the overlapping of vegetable aphids, 10-20 generations in the north and 20 generations in southern China. The aphid is parthenogenetic and has a large amount of reproduction.
52. What are the characteristics of cotton aphid?
A: The cotton aphid is seriously damaged in the northern cotton area. The Yangtze River basin is lighter. It is mainly clustered on the tender head of the cotton and on the back of the leaf to suck the tissue juice, causing the cotton plant to form a curved "faucet" and blade curling. Feces secreted by cotton aphid are prone to mold. The cotton aphid that occurs in the seedling stage from May to June is called a nursery, and the cotton aphid that occurs from July to August is called Fuxi.
53. What are the characteristics of the occurrence of wheat stubble?
Answer: There are mainly three types of wheat bran in China, in which the distribution of wheat birch is northerly, and the cereal tuber is harmed in the southern winter wheat area, and the wheat long tube is occurring in the north and south. The wheat bran sucks the juice of the stems and leaves of the wheat stems by a sucking mouth device. When the seedling stage occurs, the color of the leaves can be yellowed, the tiller is reduced, or even died. When the earing stage occurs, the quality of the wheat grains is not full, and even the wheat ears are not dry. The optimal temperature range of wheat bifurcation is 15-20 °C, the optimum temperature of wheat long tube is 12-20 °C, and the optimum temperature of cereal tube is about 30 °C.
54. What is plant disease?
A: During the growth process, plants are attacked by other pathogens (fungi, bacteria, viruses, etc.), which leads to growth and development, and there are dead leaves, dead plants, rotten fruits, rotten roots and even death. This phenomenon is a plant. Disease.
55. What are the symptoms of rice sheath blight?
A: Rice sheath blight bacteria damage leaves and leaf sheaths. It initially develops on the base sheath and then expands upward. The lesions are elliptical, water-stained, and later grayish brown. The lesions often merge into an irregular cloud pattern. A few days after the disease occurred, the mycelium grew on the surface of the naked eye, tangled into a mass, and then turned into a brown fungus. Jinggangmycin can be used to control rice sheath blight.
56. What are the symptoms of rice stripe disease?
A: A viral disease that is mainly transmitted by Laodelphax striatellus. At the seedling stage, there appeared chlorotic yellow and white spots at the base of the heart leaf, and then expanded into yellow stripes parallel to the veins, and the stripes remained green. In the tillering stage, chlorotic macula appears in the base of the next leaf of the heart leaf, and then expands to form irregular yellow-white streaks, and the old leaves are not obvious.
57. What principles must be followed for the use of pesticides?
Answer: 1. According to different control objects, choose the appropriate pesticide; 2. Determine the time of application according to the occurrence of the control object; 3. Master the effective dosage, and apply the medicine at the right time; 4. According to the characteristics of the pesticide, choose the appropriate one. Instructions.
58. What are the characteristics of Plutella xylostella?
A: The first-instar larvae only feed on the mesophyll, leaving the epidermis, forming a transparent plaque on the leaves of the cabbage, that is, “opening the skylightâ€; the 3-4th instar larvae can eat the leaves and nicks, and when the stalks are severe, the whole leaves are eaten. In a network. In the seedling stage, the central leaves are often damaged, which affects the heart. It is one of the most common and most serious pests on cruciferous vegetables in China, which is responsible for the damage of young stems, young pods and grains.
59. What are the characteristics of beet armyworm?
A: The newly hatched larvae are clustered on the back of the leaf, and the silk is netted. The mesophyll is taken in it, leaving the epidermis and forming a transparent hole. After 3 years of age, there is a sudden death, and the leaves can be eaten into holes or nicks. In severe cases, only the leaves and petioles are left, causing the death of the beet seedlings, resulting in lack of seedlings and ridges, and even destruction.
60. What are the differences between the symptoms of tomato early blight and late blight, and what kind of agent or formula is used to control the best?
A: Early blight: Infecting leaves, stems, and fruit parts, the leaves and stems and leaves are most susceptible to disease. Diseases generally begin from the lower leaves and expand upwards. The lesions are round or oval with a dark brown concentric pattern and a yellow or halo on the outer edge. The stems and leaves are branched or fruited, and the lesions are elliptical, slightly concave, and also have a dark brown concentric pattern. When wet, the surface of the lesion is gray and black.
Late blight: mainly affects the leaves and fruits of tomato, the incidence of leaves, mostly from the tip of the leaf, the edge of the leaf, the lesion is initially dark green water stain, the border between the lesion and the healthy tissue is light green, the disease on the back of the lesion The leaf veins are dark brown, and when it is wet, the white mold layer grows on the back of the disease. The fruit is susceptible to damage, and the oily shape is formed near the fruit stalk, and the lesion is hard. A small amount of white mold grows when wet and rots quickly.
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