A Gasoline Engine is an internal combustion engine
with spark-ignition, designed to run on gasoline and similar volatile
fuels, which was invented in 1876 in Europe. In most Gasoline Engines, the fuel and air are usually pre-mixed before compression (although some modern Gasoline Engines now use cylinder-direct gasoline injection). The pre-mixing was
formerly done in a carburetor, but now it is done by electronically
controlled fuel injection, except in small engines where the
complication of electronics does not justify the added engine
efficiency. The process differs from a Diesel Engine in the method of
mixing the fuel and air, and in using spark plugs to initiate the
combustion process. In a diesel engine, only air is compressed (and
therefore heated), and the fuel is injected into very hot air at the end
of the compression stroke, and self-ignites.
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We know that the constant pursuit of labor productivity is the eternal theme of manufacturing, which is determined by the survival and development needs of the manufacturing industry itself. The results of the International Economic Cooperation Organization (OECD) survey show that price changes lag behind cost increases, resulting in a “productivity gapâ€, a long-term challenge to manufacturing.
Modern digital manufacturing technology is developed to meet the needs of manufacturing to increase productivity. As a complete manufacturing technology system, modern digital manufacturing technology is mainly composed of CNC machine tools, CNC measuring instruments and CNC tools (internationally known as "modern efficient tools"). These three subsystems develop independently, complement each other and promote each other, and continuously promote the improvement of labor productivity in the manufacturing industry.
Taking modern high-efficiency tools as an example, although the price is much higher than the traditional standard tools, due to its excellent performance, the processing quality and processing efficiency are greatly improved, so that the manufacturing industry improves labor productivity, reduces production costs, and obtains More profit, its benefit leverage ratio is more than five times. For example, the annual tool consumption in the United States is more than $3 billion, while the manufacturing industry's gains from efficiency and cost reductions reached $15 billion.
At the same time, modern and efficient tools provide an effective solution to the major environmental problems that have long plagued the manufacturing industry – the environmental pollution caused by the large use of cooling lubricants. Through breakthrough improvements in tool base materials and coating technology, as well as optimized design of tool cutting parameters, high-speed cutting enables MQL machining using only a small amount of lubricating fluid and dry machining without using coolant at all. In developed countries, the cost of coolant use and harmless treatment reaches 15% of the manufacturing cost, which is 4-5 times the cost of the tool. Achieving micro-lubrication and dry processing plays a decisive role in significantly reducing manufacturing costs and achieving green processing.
In addition, the development experience of the manufacturing industry in recent years proves that in the period of economic prosperity, in order to cope with the growth of demand and meet the needs of the market, under certain conditions, the production capacity is increased by improving the knives and improving efficiency, rather than expanding by increasing the number of plants, equipment and workers. The production capacity is more reasonable and can greatly reduce the risk of idle capacity during the economic downturn.
It can be seen that modern high-efficiency tools play a key and irreplaceable role in giving full play to the comprehensive advantages of digital manufacturing technology.
However, in the development process of digital manufacturing technology in China, there is a misunderstanding of understanding: simply regard the CNC machine tool as the whole of digital manufacturing technology, and think that the tool and measuring instrument are only the "accessories" of the machine tool, as long as the host is caught Ok, the attachment will naturally follow. This kind of understanding ignores the importance and input of CNC tools and CNC measuring instruments. The result is that the development of modern cutting tools and measuring technology in China lags behind the development of machine tools. The development experience at home and abroad proves that the imbalance between the various subsystems within the digital manufacturing technology system will greatly affect its overall efficiency and effectiveness.
In developed countries, the use of efficient tools to harness the potential of digital manufacturing technology has become a consensus. The development and application of modern and efficient tools are highly valued. From the comparison of machine tool and tool consumption in China and several major developed countries in 2007 (Table 1), we can see that there are huge differences.
Table 1 Comparison of machine tool and tool consumption in various countries in 2007 (unit: billion US dollars)
Machine tool consumption: China 161.7-Japan 76.2-Germany 72.5-US 61.7
Tool consumption: China 32-Japan 35-Germany 30-USA 33
It can be seen from Table 1 that the annual tool consumption in developed countries is about 50% of the machine tool consumption. It is much higher than the proportion of tool consumption in China's manufacturing industry. From a global perspective, in 2008, machine tool consumption reached 85 billion US dollars, while tool consumption also reached a new high of 21 billion US dollars, the global average of tool consumption and machine tool consumption is about 25%. In China, machine tool consumption has ranked first in the world for seven consecutive years, and in 2008 it reached a record level of 19.44 billion US dollars. For the first time, China's tool consumption has surpassed that of major developed countries, reaching US$4 billion. However, compared with the huge scale of machine tool consumption in China's manufacturing industry, the level of tool consumption is still very low, only 20% of machine tool consumption. This proportion is not only far lower than that of developed countries, but also lower than the world average. This shows that in China's tool consumption, cheap and inefficient traditional tools still dominate, machine tool functions are far from being fully utilized, and the potential for manufacturing to increase labor productivity is huge. This is not only the gap between China's tool industry, but also the use of China's tool industry. The development of modern and efficient tools to replace cheap and inefficient traditional tools is the only way for China's manufacturing industry to improve its competitiveness.
International and domestic modern tool industry development profile Internationally, modern high-efficiency tools (known in the domestic industry as "CNC tools") are developed along with the needs of modern manufacturing. In the 1960s and 1970s, major developed countries successively completed the post-industrial development stage and entered the new economic era. Information technology has quickly penetrated into all walks of life. In the manufacturing industry, it has also become a trend to replace and update traditional technologies and equipment with modern digital manufacturing technologies and equipment. In this context, the traditional standard tools that used to match the machine tools in the past have not been able to adapt to the new development needs of the manufacturing industry. Thus, about thirty years ago, the tool industry in developed countries experienced a profound change from the production of traditional standard tools to modern high-efficiency tools, driven by the strong demand for new manufacturing. First of all, in the car manufacturing industry, a large number of modern high-efficiency tools with high precision, high efficiency, high reliability and specialization are used to replace traditional standard tools, which greatly improves production efficiency. Since then, the development of modern and efficient tools has become a breakthrough, and has rapidly spread to all walks of life, becoming the mainstream of tool technology development.
Modern high-efficiency tools are an integral part of modern digital manufacturing technology, including carbide tools as a mainstream product and superhard tools under development (diamond, cubic boron nitride tools), as well as high-speed steel for specific applications. Tool. In developed countries, cemented carbide tools account for more than 70% of all tool sales.
Modern high-efficiency tools are used in a wide range of fields, with the automotive industry and general machinery industry being their largest consumers, followed by the aerospace industry.
In China, modern high-efficiency tools have been slow to develop until the end of the last century. The tool industry provides the manufacturing industry with traditional standard high-speed steel tools and a small number of carbide tools, which is equivalent to the level of the tool industry before the transformation of the tool industry 30 years ago. However, since the beginning of the new century, with the new round of economic growth in China and the pace of manufacturing modernization, China's digital manufacturing technology and equipment (including CNC machine tools, supporting functional components, CNC measuring instruments and modern high-efficiency tools) have also achieved rapid development of. At the end of the last century, the annual output of China's gold-cutting machine tools reached 190,000 units, but only 14,000 CNC machine tools were used. At that time, modern high-efficiency tools represented by new types of carbide tools were less than 15% of all tool sales, and the level was Lower. By 2007, the output of CNC machine tools in China had reached 123,200 units, and the numerical control rate of output value reached 43.7%. The proportion of high-efficiency cemented carbide tools matched with this also rose to 40.3% of all tool sales. It can be seen that since the beginning of the new century, China's CNC machine tools and high-efficiency tools have achieved rapid development. At present, domestically produced modern high-efficiency tools have entered the automotive, mold, aerospace, power generation equipment, general machinery and other industries in batches. The performance of some products has reached or is close to the international advanced level, effectively breaking the monopoly position of imported tools in some fields, and contributing to the standard competition of China's efficient tool market.
It should be pointed out that the development of domestic high-efficiency cemented carbide tools has broken through the long-term stagnation situation and achieved rapid development. The growth rate has exceeded 30% for several consecutive years, which is much higher than the growth rate of traditional high-speed steel tools. This gratifying change marks that since the beginning of the new century, China's tool industry has begun to transform from traditional standard tools to modern high-efficiency tools, and has entered a new development track. Of course, the progress made by the tool industry in recent years is still far from the development needs of the manufacturing industry. The vast number of tool companies must recognize the development trend and unswervingly accelerate the development of modern and efficient tools.
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Technological advancement is a powerful driving force for the development of modern manufacturing industry. From the late 1970s to the early 1980s, due to the rapid development of microelectronics technology, modern digital manufacturing technology and equipment have also achieved unprecedented development and extensive application, greatly promoting The increase in labor productivity in the manufacturing industry has brought the development of the manufacturing industry into a new era: from relying mainly on the improvement of labor capacity to relying mainly on scientific and technological progress. The application of new technologies has greatly accelerated the growth rate of labor productivity in the manufacturing industry.