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Xu Kuangdi, the former president of the Chinese Academy of Engineering, once said that the key to the development of special steel in China is to occupy the high-end market. In Xu Kuangdi's view, China's equipment manufacturing industry is mainly subject to people in core technologies and core components. Among them, the core technology mainly refers to the control system and software, and the core components are mainly materials. In particular, aircraft landing gear, high-speed train axles, bearings and other anti-fatigue high-strength steel, high-temperature, radiation-resistant stainless steel tubes for nuclear power plants, high-temperature alloy blades for gas turbines and turbofan engines, etc., are not yet available for localization.
Weng Yuqing, honorary chairman of the China Institute of Metals, also believes that upgrading the domestic market share of high-end special steel products through industry and product upgrades is the core issue in the development of China's special steel industry.
High-end special steel is subject to people
From a global perspective, the countries with the highest level of special steel industry are Japan and Germany, and their share in the global special steel market is 20% and 18% respectively.
Wu Xiwei, honorary president of China Iron and Steel Association, said that compared with Japan and Germany, the gap between China's special steel products is mainly reflected in the variety structure, which leads to a large gap between the export price of major special steel varieties and the unit price of imports.
Take stainless steel bars as an example. In the first half of 2010, China imported a total of 44,600 tons of stainless steel rod and Wire, the average landed price was 3,991 US dollars / ton; the export was 31,400 tons, and the export unit price was only 2,993 US dollars / ton. In the same period, China imported a total of 310,000 tons of stainless steel strips, with an average unit price of 3,216 US dollars / ton; exports of 369,800 tons, the average unit price is only 2,336 US dollars / ton.
Another example is alloy steel forgings. In the first half of the year, China imported a total of 3,000 tons, with an average import price of US$5,000/ton; exports of 47,600 tons, and an average export price of only US$1,554/ton.
In the boiler steel pipe, China imported a total of 44,300 tons in the first half of the year, the average price reached 7,697 US dollars / ton, the export volume was 32,500 tons, and the export unit price was only 2,215 US dollars / ton.
On the whole, in the first half of the year, China imported a total of 910,000 tons of the above-mentioned major special steel products, with an import value of 2.32 billion US dollars and an average import price of 2549 US dollars / ton. In comparison, the average export price of alloy steel rod wire and alloy steel strip in China in the first half of the year was only US$648/ton and US$606/ton.
In a certain sense, the discourse power of China's special steel industry is mainly reflected in the pricing power of major international special steel products. The huge "fall" between the unit price of imports and the unit price of exports fully proves that if we want to get rid of the embarrassing situation that raw materials are subject to people, China's special steel industry must extend the industrial chain and continue to launch an impact on the high-end market.
Experts in the industry pointed out that special steel deep processing products have high added value and high technical content, which is one of the development trends of high-end special steel products. For example, special steel strips, special steel rods, special steel tubes, tool steels, and high-speed steel all have the potential for deep processing.
Quality stability needs to be improved
In 2009, China's cumulative production of special steel 34.7 million tons, accounting for only 6.11% of the national steel output. In contrast, in the world, special steel accounts for an average of 10% to 15% of a country's steel production, of which OECD countries reach 15% to 20%, and Sweden is close to 30%.
The research group of "China's Special Steel Industry Modern Development Strategy Research" chaired by the Industry Coordination Department of the National Development and Reform Commission believes that the main problems faced by China's special steel development can be summarized as follows: high-quality special steel has a low proportion, unreasonable structure, and some high-end The products can not meet the domestic industry development and major engineering needs; the production technology level of special steel strip, pipe, bar, forging and complex profiles needs to be improved; the high resources and high energy consumption of special steel production need to be improved.
Generally speaking, cleanliness, uniformity, microstructure refinement and dimensional accuracy are the essential characteristics of special steel, and quality stability is the main measure of its quality. Taking high-quality bearing steel as an example, its oxygen content must be no more than 10PPM, and the reliability is not less than 99.99%.
The research team's survey of major user industries such as automobiles, bearings and machinery shows that there are still a series of problems in the quality of special steel products in China, mainly including: unstable surface quality, surface hairline, excessive tolerance, and excessive bending. The delivery time is not on time; the continuous casting material is low segregation; the inclusions are uneven; the surface crack; the service concept for the user is poor; the service life is equivalent to one quarter of the imported material; the hardness of the steel is uneven. Quality defects such as large fluctuations in carbon content and oxygen content in steel, looseness in the center and enrichment of inclusions are common.
Grasping the opportunity of manufacturing upgrade
As we all know, special steel is the most important steel for manufacturing steel, and its market demand is characterized by multiple varieties and small batches.
At present, the main consumer markets of domestic special steel include the automotive industry and the machinery industry, of which the automotive industry accounts for 35% and the machinery industry accounts for 24%. Taking the automobile industry as an example, in 2009, China's automobile industry's consumption of steel increased by about 7 million tons, a year-on-year increase of 22%.
Industry experts believe that bearing steel and structural steel are highly integrated with the market in terms of medium and high-end special steel products, which are the two most special long steel products with the most market prospects.
In 2009, the production of bearing steel in China's special steel industry reached 2.4 million tons, which is expected to reach 2.5 million tons this year.
In terms of automotive steel, China's automotive high-quality steel accounts for about 30% of automotive steel, and automotive special steel accounts for about 35% of the country's total steel output. Among them, alloy structural steel, spring steel, cold steel and easy Cutting steel is the mainstay of various special steel mills, and the rapid growth of automobile production has also greatly boosted the demand for domestic special steel.
According to the consumption of steel of different models, according to the proportion of passenger cars and commercial vehicles in China's automobile production, the number of special steels for vehicle vehicles in China reached 5 million to 6 million tons in 2008; according to the car ownership at the end of 2008 According to the calculation, China's automobile maintenance special steel reached 2 million tons. Based on the above two data, China's auto industry will consume 7 million to 8 million tons of special steel each year.
China Machinery Industry Federation believes that in order to meet the demand for steel in the machinery industry, China's special steel industry must strengthen research and development and adjust the structure.
Specifically, it is mainly: the new energy machinery industry, the wind power industry should improve the life of bearing steel, thereby improving the purity of bearing steel (reducing inclusions), and at the same time improving the life of gearboxes to solve the problem of ultra-fine steel structure; Steel for critical thermal power generating units should be developed early and early in various types, and should be identified and formed at an early date to completely replace imports. The automotive industry should improve the consistency of steel quality while continuing to reduce costs. Forgings for heavy machinery mainly solve machining capacity. And the level of heat treatment; special steel for general machinery should be inclined to free-cutting steel, non-tempered steel, quenched steel, silver bright steel, etc.; construction machinery demand to special performance steel development, agricultural machinery to low-cost development.
As Wang Yide, an academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering, said, during the "Twelfth Five-Year Plan" period, China's demand for high-quality special steel will grow rapidly. In order to revitalize the special steel industry, it is necessary to firmly grasp the favorable opportunity for the current manufacturing upgrade.
"Twelfth Five-Year" development direction lock
The industry generally believes that becoming a strategic new material for the steel industry is the strategic direction for the development of China's special steel industry during the 12th Five-Year Plan period.
The research team of the National Development and Reform Commission believes that the strategic new materials of the special steel industry mainly include high-quality special steel, special alloy materials and military supporting materials. It is their common development goal to be precise, to be specialized and to be strong. Among them, high-quality special steel is mainly used in equipment manufacturing industry. At present, domestic demand is transitioning from intermediate to advanced, engineering machinery, petrochemical, power station (nuclear power and thermal power), transportation machinery (including high-speed trains, automobiles, etc.), and aviation and military. And so on are the major consumer markets with greater potential.
From the perspective of subdivided varieties, the domestic demand for high-quality special steel mainly includes high-speed (350 km / h), heavy-duty (100 m long rail) special steel for railway; steel for stainless steel coal-car; ultra-high pressure (1000 thousand Volt high-strength steel for power grid; special steel for offshore engineering equipment and ancillary equipment; special steel for low-carbon industry; special steel for high-grade CNC Machine tools; special high-efficiency agricultural special steel.
In addition, China's automobile industry, shipbuilding industry (including marine internal combustion engines and marine equipment), high-speed railway EMUs, power generation equipment and power transmission and transformation equipment, large metallurgical and mining machinery and equipment have a broad market space.
Superalloys, precision alloys and corrosion-resistant alloys are the main development directions of special alloy materials; military steels will exhibit the characteristics of “three highs and three lowsâ€, namely high speed, high pressure, high and low temperature, low consumables, low energy consumption and low cost.
Special steel is the core and key material needed for major equipment manufacturing, major engineering construction, strategic emerging industries and advanced defense weapons. It is a symbol of a country's comprehensive competitiveness.