What is pesticide definition (Pesticides in China): Pesticides mainly refer to pests (pests, pests, nematodes, pathogens, weeds and rodents) used to control the production of agricultural, forestry and animal husbandry. And chemicals that regulate plant growth, but usually include various additives to improve the physical and chemical properties of active ingredients. It should be noted that for the meaning and scope of pesticides, different eras, different countries and regions have Differences. For example, in the United States, pesticides were called "ecochemical poisons" in the early days, "agrochemicals" in Europe, and other books defined pesticides as "other than fertilizers." "Agricultural chemicals". Before the 1980s, the definition and scope of pesticides focused on the "killing" of harmful substances, but since the 1980s, the concept of pesticides has changed a lot. Today, we do not pay attention to "killing." ", but more emphasis on regulation", therefore, the definition of pesticides as "biorationa1 pesticides", "ideal environmental compounds" (ideal environmental chemi) Cals), "bioregulators", "insectistatics", "anti-inect agents", "envi-ronment acceptable pesticides" or "environrnent pesticides". Although there are different expressions, the connotation of pesticides in the future must be "efficient for stolen goods, non-target organisms and environmental safety." Inject Mould,Oem Inject Mould,Plastic Inject Mould Neway Rubber Products Co., Ltd. , http://www.lxrubbers.com
What is a pollution-free pesticide? The so-called pollution-free pesticide means that the dosage is small, the control effect is good, and it is less toxic or harmful to humans and animals and various beneficial organisms. It is easy to be decomposed in the external environment and does not cause pollution to the environment and agricultural products. Low toxicity, low residue pesticides. Specifically: when pesticides are used to control vegetable pests and diseases, only pollution-free pesticides can be used. The dosage per acre must be determined from the actual situation. The test should be used to determine the economically effective concentration and dosage. It should not be too high or too low. More than 90% of the insecticidal effect, more than 80% of the disease prevention effect is called high-efficiency pesticide; use (LD50) low-toxic pesticides with a lethal dose of more than 500 ml / kg body weight; the harvested commercial vegetables should pay attention to the safety interval of pesticides, so that The pesticide residue must be lower than the allowable standard set by the state.
Non-polluting pesticides include: 1. Bio-sourced pesticides: refers to the direct use of bioactive substances produced by biological organisms or biological metabolic processes or substances extracted from organisms as pesticides for controlling diseases, insects, grasses and other harmful organisms. Specifically, it can be divided into plant-derived pesticides, animal-derived pesticides and microbial-sourced pesticides. Such as: BT, pyrethrin, nicotine allicin, sex pheromone, Jinggangmycin, Nongkang 120, Liuyangmycin, streptomycin, polyoxymycin, avermectin, brassinolide, except Alizarin, alkaloids, etc.
2. Mineral-derived pesticides (inorganic pesticides): The general term for inorganic compounds whose active ingredients originate from minerals. There are mainly sulfur preparations, copper preparations, and phosphides. Such as copper sulfate, Bordeaux mixture, stone sulfur mixture, zinc phosphide and the like. Arsenic preparations and fluorides with high toxicity and high residual content are not included in the recommended range.
3. Organic synthetic pesticides: limited to organic whole pesticides with low toxicity, low residue and safe use. It is recommended to use safe pyrethroids, some medium and low toxicity organophosphorus, organic sulfur and other insecticides, fungicides and some low-toxic diphenyl ether herbicides after many years of application. Such as: cypermethrin, deltamethrin, dimethoate, dichlorvos, phoxim, carbendazim, chlorothalonil, metalaxyl, triadimefon, chlorpyrifos, methotrexate, anti-coccin, grass and spirit, thin Kill, grass, ger, dur and so on. High-residue organochlorine pesticides, secondary poisoning of fluoroacetamide, and metabolites such as ethylene thiourea with "triad" are not recommended.
Pesticide-contaminated food poisoning performance People will have symptoms of poisoning after eating foods with pesticide residues and the severity of symptoms will depend on the type of pesticide and the amount of pesticides entering the body. Not all pesticide-contaminated foods cause poisoning. If the pollution is light, people may not have obvious symptoms when they eat less, but they often have general symptoms such as headache, dizziness, weakness, nausea, and poor mental health. The pollution is heavier. When the amount of pesticides entering the body is high, obvious discomfort such as fatigue, vomiting, diarrhea, muscle twitch, and palpitation may occur. In severe cases, systemic convulsions, coma, heart failure and other manifestations can occur, which can cause death. The performance of poisoning also depends on the type of poison. The main varieties of poisoning caused by residual pesticides are: methamidophos, parathion (1605), methyl parathion, phorate, omethoate, carbofuran and so on.
Pesticide Management and New Strategies for Substituting Highly Toxic Pesticides I. Prohibition and Restricted Management of Highly Toxic Pesticides First, a number of highly toxic and highly residual pesticides have been banned and restricted, such as the cessation of 11 high-toxic and high-residue pesticides such as phorate. The new registration and sub-package registration have cancelled the registration of some highly toxic pesticides on some crops; 19 kinds of highly toxic pesticides such as methamidophos have been released and should not be used in the production of pollution-free agricultural products such as vegetables, fruit trees, tea and Chinese medicinal materials. . The second is to revoke a batch of highly toxic pesticides.
Second, the screening of substitution products for high-toxic pesticides: rice - insecticidal, insecticidal, batatan, triazophos, rutin, chlorpyrifos, diazinon, rice fengsan, hexaflumuron, butyl sulphur Carbofuran, BT, avermectin, methyl avermectin, trichlorfon, chlorpyrifos, rice chlorpyrifos, quetiapine, etc.;
Cotton - pyrethroid, chlorpyrifos, phoxim, profenofos, avermectin, methyl avermectin, methomyl, raviva, endosulfan, hexaflumuron, butyl thiocarb, BT , Taibao, Helicoverpa armigera virus, malathion, ampoule, smear, rice saponin, etc.; wheat - acetamiprid, imidacloprid, pyrethroid, chlorpyrifos, avermectin, methyl av Bacteriocin, trichlorfon, butyl thiocarbamate, acephate, phoxim.
Third, the feasibility study of pyrethroids in rice control pests is mainly through two years of research, targeting three low-toxic varieties (flumethrin, fenpropathrin, ether fenthrin), three highly toxic varieties (efficient Cyhalothrin, beta-cypermethrin, cypermethrin), risk test for aquatic organisms, test for biological activity and field control effects of major pests such as aphids, risk assessment of resistance to major pests and rice fly Further study on the occurrence of è™± çŒ–ç— ã€, research on the safety of pyrethroid pesticides in rice fields and evaluation of applied economic benefits. Through a preliminary experimental study in a year, the effects of some pyrethroids on aphids and vertical leafhoppers and their effects on rice planthoppers, aquatic organisms, natural enemies, beneficial organisms and the environment were basically clarified.
Fourth, the development direction of pesticide management 1. Strict management: market access requirements; registration: improve standards and requirements; key shift: from quality, effect to safety, advanced protection, strict implementation; production license: improve requirements, strict Control plant sites and strengthen audits of production technology and environmental technologies.
2. Legal and standardization of management: administration according to law; perfecting laws and regulations; expanding management scope; avoiding long and repeated management; standardizing supervision and law enforcement.
3. Scientific management: The contents and methods of registration and production license approval are more scientific and reasonable, adapt to the laws of market economy, and transform into safety and environmental protection.
4. Management internationalization: internationalization of management systems, internationalization of registration requirements, internationalization of testing and technology.
5. Serve the development of enterprises and pesticide industry: regard management as service, improve service capacity and level for enterprises; promote enterprise development, adjust structure, support superiority, protect advanced and help to go international.
6. Serving agricultural production: According to the adjustment of agricultural structure, efforts are made to serve the safe production of agricultural products, prohibiting and restricting the use of highly toxic and high-residue pesticides, recommending and providing high-efficiency, high-quality, economic and safe pesticide varieties to achieve the effect of increasing production and income.
7. Serving the people's health: Strengthen the management of high-toxic pesticides, and do a good job in the guidance and management of safe use.
8. Serving the environment: In the process of approval and licensing, we will achieve the same effect, quality, safety and environmental protection.