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The efficiency of a radiator's heat dissipation depends not only on the temperature difference between the radiator and the surrounding air, but also on the surface area of the radiator itself. As the hot water passes through the radiator, its temperature gradually drops depending on the size and flow rate of each radiator unit. When radiators are connected in series—where the outlet of one becomes the inlet of the next—the water temperature decreases progressively. Lower water temperatures result in smaller temperature differences with the environment, which in turn reduces heat dissipation efficiency. Thus, it’s advisable not to install more than four groups in series, as doing so may compromise overall performance. While series connections save costs, they aren’t ideal beyond six groups. For optimal results, use one-inch ports and 32 mm pipes, placing smaller radiators upfront and larger ones toward the rear.
In contrast, when radiators are connected in parallel, each group receives the same inlet temperature, resulting in a greater temperature difference with the surrounding air and thus improved heat dissipation efficiency. However, this setup requires sufficient hot water flow to maintain optimal performance. A downside of parallel connections is that water returns quickly at first but slows down over time. Adjusting individual radiator valves based on their position can be time-consuming to ensure balanced heat distribution.
Under ideal conditions, if the inlet temperature is consistent, radiators connected in parallel tend to dissipate more heat and achieve higher outlet temperatures compared to those in series. Despite their cost-saving benefits, series connections can lead to uneven room temperatures and potential disruptions if one radiator malfunctions, requiring a complete shutdown of heating. Parallel systems offer better control since each radiator can be regulated independently via temperature control valves, minimizing disruptions if issues arise.
Currently, the most efficient way to install radiators is through separate piping for each group within the same building. This method provides superior performance and automatic balancing but comes with higher pipe and labor costs. Although this approach is excellent for residential settings, it’s less practical for large-scale installations like offices or factories due to the limitations on the number of radiators it can handle effectively.