Solar energy is one of the most abundant and sustainable energy sources on Earth. The sun emits approximately 3.8 × 10^26 watts of power every second, with about one to two billionth of that reaching our planet. After passing through the atmosphere, some of this energy is reflected, absorbed, or scattered, but roughly 70% makes it to the surface. In a single year, the total solar energy received by Earth amounts to an impressive 1.8 × 10^18 kilowatt-hours.

Since life first appeared on Earth, the sun has been a critical source of heat and light. For thousands of years, humans have used sunlight for practical purposes like drying food, preserving fish, and even making salt. Today, as fossil fuel reserves decline, there's a growing interest in harnessing solar power more efficiently. Solar energy can be utilized in two main ways: passive systems, which convert sunlight into heat (photothermal conversion), and active systems, which generate electricity directly through photovoltaic cells (photoelectric conversion).

Beyond just providing direct energy, solar power plays a key role in many other forms of energy on Earth. For instance, wind energy is driven by temperature differences caused by sunlight, while water potential energy and even chemical energy in plants are ultimately derived from the sun. As a renewable and clean energy source, solar power is becoming increasingly important in the global transition toward sustainability and reducing carbon emissions.

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