1. Inappropriate selection of smokers: Each type of smoker is designed for specific crops and environments, and using it outside its intended scope can lead to phytotoxicity. For example, smoke agents containing dichloronaphthylquinone may harm strawberries, while dichlorvos can cause pesticide damage to legumes and melon seedlings. It is crucial to follow the manufacturer's guidelines and avoid overuse, as excessive application can be harmful.

2. Incorrect dosage based on space volume: The amount of smoke agent used should be carefully calculated depending on the size of the area being treated. Some products are labeled according to the installation area, but in smaller spaces like short tunnels or small arch sheds, the concentration of smoke can become too high, increasing the risk of plant damage. Always ensure proper ventilation and avoid overcrowding the space with smoke agents.

3. Poor placement of smoke points: When using powdered smoke agents, improper distribution of smoke points can result in localized areas with excessively high concentrations. If there are too few smoke points or if they are placed too far apart, some parts of the greenhouse may not receive adequate coverage, while others could be overexposed. This uneven distribution can lead to phytotoxicity, especially in sensitive crops. It’s important to distribute the smoke points evenly and follow the recommended layout.

4. High temperature during application: Applying smoke agents when temperatures are high increases the risk of phytotoxicity and chemical burn. Heat can intensify the effects of the chemicals, making them more likely to harm plants. To reduce this risk, it is advisable to apply the treatment in the evening after sunset, when temperatures are cooler and the plants are less stressed. This also helps prevent evaporation and ensures better absorption of the active ingredients.

In addition to these factors, it's essential to always read and follow the product label instructions carefully. Proper training for staff, regular monitoring of the crop conditions, and maintaining good record-keeping can further minimize the chances of unintended damage. By taking these precautions, growers can maximize the effectiveness of smoke agents while protecting their crops from harm.

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