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**Abstract**
Nano-diamonds, produced using negative oxygen balance explosives, combine the exceptional properties of diamond with the unique characteristics of nanomaterials. This makes them a subject of great interest among engineers and researchers, especially in exploring their potential across various technological fields. This article provides an overview of the progress and applications of nano-diamonds in different industries, highlighting their significant role in enhancing traditional technologies and their promising future.
Nano-diamonds are industrial diamonds with particle sizes ranging from 0.5 to 10 nm, typically averaging around 4–5 nm, with most particles falling between 2 and 8 nm. Their spherical shape gives them not only the hardness and wear resistance of diamond but also excellent lubricating properties, making them suitable for use in polishing, lubrication, and plating.
**1. Ultra-fine Polishing**
Polishing has long been a key application of diamond. However, traditional abrasives are larger than 0.1 μm (100 nm), while nano-diamonds offer a much smaller size, enabling superior performance. Their high hardness, small size, and chemical stability make them ideal for ultra-fine polishing. The benefits include minimal surface roughness, enhanced colloidal stability, reduced material loss, and improved polishing efficiency. Additionally, their ability to reduce ion activity and form stable suspensions further enhances their effectiveness in polishing systems.
**2. Lubrication**
Lubrication is essential for the smooth operation of mechanical equipment. Efficient lubrication helps save energy, reduce wear, and extend the life of machinery. Friction and wear account for a significant portion of global energy loss. Nano-diamonds, due to their spherical shape and high hardness, can be embedded in friction surfaces, reducing sliding friction and increasing load capacity. Studies show that adding nano-diamonds to lubricants significantly reduces wear, lowers temperatures, and improves engine performance. These additives are durable and effective, making them a valuable addition to modern lubrication systems.
**3. Composite Plating with Nano-Diamond**
Composite plating is becoming increasingly important as industries demand higher performance from materials. Nano-diamonds, with their strong binding capabilities and functional groups on their surfaces, enhance the properties of coatings. They improve wear resistance, corrosion resistance, and adhesion, making them ideal for metal, rubber, plastic, and glass surfaces. With China’s growing need for advanced plating technology, nano-diamond-based additives are proving to be a cost-effective and efficient solution.
**4. Magnetic Recording Systems**
Nano-diamonds are used in magnetic recording systems to improve the performance of ferromagnetic layers. They increase recording density, reduce wear, and enhance the stability of magnetic heads. When added to soft or hard magnetic films, they improve microhardness, reduce friction, and extend the service life of magnetic carriers. These improvements make nano-diamonds a valuable component in data storage technologies.
**5. Medical Applications**
Nano-diamonds have unique properties such as high adsorption capacity, large surface area, and hydrophilicity, which make them suitable for medical treatments. They are non-toxic, non-carcinogenic, and highly effective in drug delivery, pathogen removal, and blood pressure regulation. Their ability to absorb and deliver active substances makes them useful in oncology, cardiology, and other medical fields. They also help in reducing inflammation and improving immune responses.
**6. High Conductivity and Energy Storage**
Nano-diamonds exhibit conductivity thousands of times greater than copper, making them suitable for use in OLED panels, battery shielding, and anti-corrosion coatings. Their high conductivity and toughness open up new possibilities in semiconductors, photovoltaics, and energy storage. They can also be used in medical devices, sensors, and seawater desalination systems, offering vast potential in multiple industries.
**7. Renewable Energy Applications**
Nano-diamonds are being used in thermionic energy converters to maximize the efficiency of solar, geothermal, and nuclear energy conversion. When combined with plasma nanostructures, they enhance the performance of these systems. Additionally, carbon-14 in radioactive graphite can be utilized to improve the efficiency of energy conversion, offering a sustainable solution for managing nuclear waste.
**8. Photoluminescence**
Researchers have demonstrated the photoluminescent properties of suspended nano-diamonds, opening new possibilities in optical sensing and quantum computing. These nanostructured devices can detect minute displacements and contribute to understanding friction at the nanoscale, making them valuable tools in microchip development and scientific research.
**9. Research and Development**
For over 40 years, nano-diamonds have evolved from experimental materials to essential components in advanced technologies. Their applications range from extreme environment sensors to medical implants and quantum devices. Ongoing research continues to expand their potential, driving innovation in science and engineering.
Henan Yuxing Huajing Micro-Drill Co., Ltd. has over 20 years of experience in nano-diamond R&D, producing high-quality nano-diamonds with particle sizes ranging from 5 to 200 nm. Our automated, eco-friendly production line ensures ultra-clean manufacturing, meeting global market demands. With a monthly output of 15 to 17 million carats, we remain at the forefront of the nano-diamond industry.