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The effectiveness of a radiator's heat dissipation depends not only on the temperature difference between the radiator and the surrounding air, but also on the surface area of the radiator itself. As the hot water passes through the radiator, its temperature gradually drops depending on the size and flow rate of each individual section.
When radiators are connected in series, the water from one group becomes the input for the next, causing the water temperature to decrease progressively at each stage. This means that the further downstream you go, the lower the temperature of the water, resulting in a smaller temperature difference with the surrounding air and reduced heat transfer efficiency. For this reason, if your system has more than four groups of radiators, it’s generally better to avoid a series configuration. While series connections save costs, they come with limitations—ideally, no more than six groups should be used. One-inch ports and 32 mm pipes are recommended. Smaller radiators should be positioned earlier in the sequence, with larger ones placed later.
In contrast, when radiators are connected in parallel, all groups receive water at the same inlet temperature. This results in a greater temperature differential with the environment, improving overall heat dissipation efficiency. However, ensuring sufficient hot water flow through each radiator is critical. A downside of parallel connections is that the return water flows quickly initially but slows down over time. Each radiator requires careful adjustment of valve sizes based on its position. Although the piping setup is straightforward, balancing the flow across all radiators can be time-consuming to achieve optimal heat output from each group.
Under ideal circumstances, if the incoming water temperature is identical, a parallel-connected radiator setup will provide a higher total heat output compared to a series configuration, along with a warmer outlet temperature. While series connections save on materials and installation expenses, it’s advisable to prioritize quality over cost savings. Uneven room temperatures can result from improper connections, and repairs become challenging since issues with one radiator affect the entire system. In a parallel setup, each radiator can be individually regulated using multiple thermostatic valves and independent piping. Should a problem arise, simply closing off the problematic radiator ensures unaffected operation elsewhere.
Currently, the most effective method for radiator installation involves setting up separate circuits within the same building. Though this approach incurs higher pipe and labor costs, it offers superior performance and automatic flow balancing. While separate circuits per household are ideal for residential settings, they aren’t practical for larger commercial spaces like offices or factories due to the limitation on how many radiators can be efficiently driven by a single system.