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Chicken manure serves as an affordable and low-energy feed, particularly advantageous when traditional protein feeds are costly and energy-rich options are limited. By replacing certain protein materials with chicken manure, not only does it enhance the nutritional value of the feed, but it also significantly boosts the profitability of livestock farming while reducing environmental pollution. Feeding ruminants with chicken manure proves highly efficient, thanks to the ability of rumen microbes to utilize organic acids—around 35% of the total content in chicken manure—as an energy source, converting crude protein into usable bacterial protein. Currently, there are several fermentation methods for chicken manure:
Firstly, the principle behind natural silage fermentation aligns closely with the conventional silage-making process. The container for silage can be a cylindrical barrel, a pit, or a silo tower.
For Formula 1, a mix of 70% chicken manure, 20% forage or straw powder, and 10% bran is combined in the right proportions. The moisture content should be around 60% (ensuring it doesn’t drip water when squeezed by hand), then placed into a pit and sealed for 4 to 6 weeks. After fermentation, the chicken manure resembles yellow sauce, has a yellow-green hue, and emits a pleasant aroma akin to distillers' grains, enhancing palatability. This method results in a processed product that, after a pathological quarantine, shows no presence of pathogenic bacteria.
Formula 2 involves mixing fresh chicken manure with bran in a 3:2 ratio or equally with broken barley, ensuring the moisture remains at approximately 50%. Once sealed, fermentation occurs at temperatures above 5°C, taking 20 to 40 days to be ready for use. This silage blends well with straw and hay, improving its palatability.
In Formula 3, the chicken manure bedding mixture is used. Before collecting the manure from the bedding, the mats should be cut into pieces about 5 cm long. The bedding and manure mixture is directly silaged and fermented for feeding cows. It’s crucial to choose the right type and amount of bedding to meet the cattle's dietary requirements.
Formula 4 introduces a Japanese method: semi-dry chicken manure, grass, bean cake, rice bran, and husks (to promote fermentation) are mixed in a cylinder, which is then sealed with stones. Lactic acid fermentation occurs over 3 to 5 weeks, resulting in a feed that is more palatable and easily absorbed, suitable for feeding chickens, fattening pigs, and breeding sows.
Secondly, the Xiangfan Institute of Biochemistry has developed a koji fermentation process using a specific culture. The isolated chicken P2 strain was identified as Aspergillus oryzae mildew manure from farms and confirmed to not produce aflatoxin B1. Each gram of dry koji contains 5 to 6 billion spores, and the koji appears yellow with strong fermentation power. Fermented chicken manure using this koji has a pure smell, no odor, a crude protein content exceeding 29%, an increase of more than 3.5% in reducing sugars, and a tripling of total free amino acids. Feeding trials showed that pigs fattened with 30% fermented chicken manure grew faster, had stronger disease resistance, and achieved a meat-to-material ratio of 1:3.34, comparable to the 1:3.40 ratio of pigs fed standard compound feed (with no significant difference, p > 0.05). To prepare this feed, mix 70% fresh chicken manure, 10% bran, 15% rice bran, and 5% koji powder with water, thoroughly combine, and ferment in a pit for 48 to 72 hours before feeding.
Two key considerations are essential: first, maintaining the moisture content of chicken manure (including bedding like straw or sawdust) ideally between 32% and 38%. Too much moisture makes it overly acidic, while too little prevents proper fermentation. Before loading the manure, check and adjust the moisture accordingly; excess moisture can be managed by adding bran. Second, fermentation duration depends on temperature. In temperate and subtropical climates, it typically takes three months in winter and one month in summer. Fermentation progress can be monitored by internal temperature: initially rising due to bacterial heat generation, reaching up to 83°C, then stabilizing when the internal temperature equals the external temperature, indicating fermentation completion.
Thirdly, the EM bacterial fermentation method for chicken manure is another option. Chicken manure is collected beneath cages using bedding like wheat bran, rice bran, or grass powder. The bedding-to-manure ratio is roughly 3:2, with a combined moisture content of about 35%. Fresh manure from non-diseased chickens should be collected promptly, ideally the same day, with no more than three days in summer and five days in winter. Long-term use of high-dose additives diminishes the effectiveness of EM fermentation.
EM bacterial solution dosage and preparation involve using 400 ml of EM solution and 400 g of brown sugar for every 500 kg of chicken manure and bedding mixture. First, calculate the required amounts based on the total manure weight, dissolve brown sugar in warm water (around 50°C), add cold water to dilute, then mix in the EM liquid, and finally add 5% of the total manure and bedding weight in diluted water.
For EM fermentation, layer the cleaned manure in the fermentation tank (or a cylinder for smaller operations), each layer being 20 cm thick, and spray each layer evenly with the diluted EM solution. The moisture content should be about 40%. After each layer, repeat the spraying process until full, then seal with plastic sheeting. Visually inspect the fermented manure: under normal temperatures, it ferments in just three days in summer and five to seven days in winter. EM fermentation replaces the odor with a pleasant acidity and fragrance. When the plastic sheet is removed, the surface of the fermented manure should be covered with white hyphae, indicating successful fermentation and readiness for feeding cows.
Scattered chicken feathers in the manure can harm a cow's rumen. During processing, special care should be taken to remove these feathers.