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To ensure optimal nutrition for sheep, it's essential to select the right forages and concentrates. Ideal forages include alfalfa, clover, and potato leaves, while concentrates such as corn, bran, soybean meal, and black beans provide necessary energy and protein. After weaning, sheep should be given 0.4 kg of concentrate, 22.5 kg of hay, 2 kg of silage, and 0.5 kg of root vegetables daily. During summer, their diet should consist more of fresh grass, with reduced amounts of hay and concentrate. Throughout the year, bone powder and salt should be provided in small quantities, typically 2% and 1% of the concentrate, respectively.
Drying hay is a crucial step in feed preparation. In dry seasons or regions with less rainfall, hay can be dried directly in the field by spreading it flat or piling it in small heaps. When rain is common, especially in summer and autumn, drying on elevated shelves is preferable. The grass should be loosely stacked in conical or ridge-shaped piles, about 70-80 cm thick, and kept 20-30 cm off the ground to allow proper ventilation. A waterproof cover should be placed on top to protect from rain. This process usually takes 1-3 weeks.
Another method, known as brown hay modulation, is ideal for rainy seasons. Grass is air-dried until it reaches around 50% moisture, then stacked in layers up to 3-5 meters high. Salt (0.5%-1%) is added during stacking to help preserve the forage and aid in moisture control. The layers are tightly packed, allowing fermentation to generate heat and evaporate some water. After 1-2 months, the stack is turned over and left to dry naturally.
When feeding, high-quality hay can be used whole or crushed and mixed with concentrates to improve digestion and nutrient absorption.
For straw feed, several treatment methods can enhance its nutritional value. Crushing improves palatability and reduces waste, making it easier to mix with other feeds. Fermentation using microorganisms increases the nutrient content and crude protein levels. Ammoniation involves treating straw with ammonia compounds under sealed conditions to improve digestibility. Silage is another effective method, particularly for corn stalks, where the process is similar to ammoniation.
Rhizome feed, which includes roots, tubers, and melons, is rich in moisture, sugar, and vitamins, making it an excellent supplement during winter. After harvesting, these feeds should be stored indoors, and it’s recommended to air-dry them slightly before storage to remove surface moisture. Before feeding, they should be washed and cut into smaller pieces to prevent blockages in the esophagus.
Concentrate feed, made from grains, oilseeds, and animal proteins, plays a vital role in providing energy and nutrients. It is typically processed by grinding and mixed with other ingredients. However, overfeeding concentrates can lead to health issues, so it's important to balance the amount carefully based on the sheep's age, weight, and condition.