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Bacterial wilt is a significant disease affecting corn, primarily caused by various fungal pathogens. The disease typically occurs during the grain filling and milk ripening stages, with the most severe symptoms appearing between the milk ripening and wax maturity periods. One of the main characteristics of the disease is the infection of the roots and lower stem, leading to the formation of 1 to 3 knots, browning, and rotting. Because of this, it is also referred to as stem base rot or stem rot. Within 1 to 2 days after infection, the entire plant rapidly loses water, wilts, and turns yellow, while the ear droops and stops developing. In cases where the onset is slower, the leaves turn yellow starting from the bottom and gradually move upward, becoming dry and sometimes withered. Initially, the stem shows brown, water-soaked areas, which later shrink into striped depressions. The internal pith becomes hollow, making the plant prone to falling over. When the infected stem is cut open, the vascular bundle turns brown. In humid conditions, white hyphae and pink mildew may appear.
The bacteria responsible for bacterial wilt can persist in the soil for extended periods. During winter, they survive in the form of mycelium, oospores, and chlamydospores within plant residues or in uncomposted manure. In some regions, continuous corn cultivation and the return of crop straw to the field contribute to the gradual increase of these pathogens in the soil. Additionally, high planting density can create a favorable microclimate for infection.
To effectively manage bacterial wilt in corn, several measures should be taken. First, it is important to cultivate and plant resistant varieties. In China, resistance to bacterial wilt has become a key target in maize breeding programs, with different inbred lines and resistant varieties being used across various regions. After harvest, corn stalks should be removed promptly, or they can be piled for high-temperature composting or treated centrally. Crop rotation with vegetable crops is recommended whenever possible. Ensuring proper drainage and flood control, along with rational planting density, can help reduce disease risk. Increasing the application of zinc fertilizer can enhance the growth potential and disease resistance of corn. Adding organic and bacterial fertilizers, using bio-preservative bacteria for seed treatment, and applying products such as flax nitrile (Sleek) or ricketts can further aid in disease prevention.
Source: Farmers Daily
Author: Jiaoxiu Fen