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Access control, also known as an access control system (ACS), is a digital management solution used to regulate entry and exit to secured areas. Common types of access control systems include password-based systems, non-contact IC card (inductive card) systems, and biometric systems such as fingerprint, iris, or hand recognition. These systems are designed to enhance security, manage access efficiently, and maintain records of entry events.
**Classification of Access Control Systems**
1. **Standalone Access Control**: This type of system operates independently, with each unit managing one door. It cannot be connected to a computer for remote monitoring or data retrieval. It is cost-effective, easy to install, and ideal for small-scale applications. However, it lacks the ability to track entries, making it unsuitable for environments with more than 50 people or high personnel turnover. It’s not recommended for projects with more than five doors due to its limited scalability.
2. **485 Network Access Control**: This system allows communication between the controller and a central computer, enabling software-based management, including card and event control. It offers centralized control, record-keeping, and data analysis capabilities. While it is more expensive and requires more complex installation and maintenance, it is easier to manage and supports additional features like time and attendance tracking. It is well-suited for larger facilities with many users and frequent movement.
3. **TCP/IP Access Control**: Also known as Ethernet-based access control, this system uses network cables to connect the controller to a computer. It provides faster communication, simpler installation, and the ability to network across regions or cities. It can support a large number of devices and is ideal for large-scale projects requiring high-speed connectivity. However, it demands higher investment in equipment and requires some knowledge of networking.
4. **Fingerprint Access Control**: This system uses biometric data instead of traditional cards for identification. It offers enhanced security compared to card-based systems but has limitations in terms of the number of registered users and slower processing speed. It is best suited for smaller, secure environments where user numbers are limited.
**Wiring Recommendations for Access Control Systems**
For card readers, it's recommended to use an 8-core shielded twisted-pair cable, with three cores reserved for future expansion. The data lines (Data0 and Data1) should be twisted together. The wire gauge should be at least 0.3 mm², and the maximum length should not exceed 100 meters. The shield should be connected to the GND terminal of the controller.
For push buttons, two-core wires with a minimum diameter of 0.3 mm² are recommended. For electric locks, a two-core power cable with a diameter of at least 1.0 mm² is advised. If the distance exceeds 50 meters, thicker cables or parallel wiring should be used. A voltage boost may be necessary to maintain performance.
For door magnets, two-core wires with a minimum of 0.3 mm² are suggested. If the door status or alarm functions are not required, the magnet wire can be omitted.
Between controllers and converters, an 8-core shielded twisted-pair cable is recommended. The 485+ and 485- lines must be twisted, and the remaining six cores can be left unused. Shielding should not be connected unless communication issues arise. In such cases, connecting all controllers’ GND or adding a 120-ohm resistor at the end of the bus can improve signal quality.
All wiring should be protected by conduit (PVC or galvanized) to prevent damage from rodents or environmental factors. Even though controllers have built-in protection against static, lightning, and leakage, it's essential to ensure proper grounding of the chassis and AC ground wire.
Avoid frequently removing and inserting terminal blocks. Always disconnect before performing any soldering work. Do not disassemble or replace internal components without professional guidance, as this can damage the system.
Do not connect the controller to other high-current devices on the same power outlet. The reader button should be installed at a height of approximately 1.45 meters above the floor, adjustable based on user preference. The controller should be placed in a serviceable location, such as a utility closet.
Finally, always follow standard wiring practices to avoid exposing metal parts that could cause short circuits or communication failures. Proper installation and maintenance are key to ensuring the reliability and longevity of the access control system.